A Psychodynamic Way of Understanding Addiction
Personal, relational, and environmental resources are often referred to as recovery capital, which contributes to improving wellbeing and the control of substance use [17, 30]. Safe housing, close relationships, and activities were essential for the informants to reach their goals of controlling or quitting substance use. In particular, family, partners, and friends were mentioned as both resources and as people who caused trouble and pain. This is in line with former research on recovery, which emphasised the importance of social relationships during a recovery-process [22, 31, 35, 43, 44]. Empirical research has demonstrated that the association between social isolation and smartphone addiction is mediated by loneliness (e.g., Zhen et al., 2023).
“Me, the street, and a backpack”: employment, income, and physical capital in rural recovery
As drug use stops, engaging in other rewarding activities rewires the brain to find interest and pleasure in non-drug pursuits. There are many theories about the causes of addiction, the use and abuse of legal and illegal http://apachan.ru/post.php?id=71932 psychoactive substances. Biology, psychology, and social and cultural elements all play a role in the enormously complex causal bouquet that results in addiction, and different theories weight the elements differently.
1 Social isolation and smartphone addiction
However, during the 11 interviews, the immediate transcriptions, and the ongoing thematic analysis, we obtained 110 pages (55,000 words) of data material. We considered that to be sufficient to answer the research question about how the informants perceived and reflected on the recovery process after they were discharged from inpatient treatment; hence data saturation had been achieved [20, 24]. The informants were recruited by telephone, messenger or mail by one of the researchers. In contrast to previous pathological and compulsive perspectives (e.g., Billieux et al., 2015; Choi et al., 2015), compensatory internet use theory (CIU) reveals the importance of interpreting cell phone addiction from a compensatory perspective.
- This review has considered the value of synthesizing neurobiological and psychodynamic perspectives to better understand addictions, identifying potential pathways to the initiation of substance use, as well as mechanisms that may maintain substance use and abuse.
- Limitations of IPSC or ESC application arise from issues of reproducibility when generating the models, which is partly attributed to genomic or epigenomic variability influencing differentiation and otherwise attributed to practical discrepancies (Marchetto et al., 2011).
- We are all people who have been in treatment, struggled with substances, perhaps been away from work for a long time, had challenges with family, and so on.
- The Tyrili Foundation is a non-governmental organisation that runs eight SUD treatment centres in Norway.
Theories of addiction
- What is more, it can sensitize the stress response system so that it overresponds to minimal levels of threat, making people feel easily overwhelmed by life’s normal difficulties.
- This paper, too, has been exceptionally influential by academic standards, as witnessed by its ~3000 citations to date.
- A reason for deterministic interpretations may be that modern neuroscience emphasizes an understanding of proximal causality within research designs (e.g., whether an observed link between biological processes is mediated by a specific mechanism).
- Even young children have been shown to develop both positive and negative expectancies about the outcomes of drinking alcohol (Donovan, Molina, & Kelly, 2009).
- We readily acknowledge that in some cases, recent critiques of the notion of addiction as a brain disease as postulated originally have merit, and that those critiques require the postulates to be re-assessed and refined.
That pleasurable reward reinforces the behavior, motivating the user to seek the experience again and again. Dopamine is released in response to sex, accomplishment, winning, and other positive experiences, creating the sensation of reward and motivating the desire for repetition of the experience, but the dopamine response to drugs http://www.stroyportal.su/production.php?data_section_id=18&comp_id=&data_type=1&page=5&data_descr=&data_producer=&id_country=&id_okrug=&id_region= like heroin and cocaine is especially fast and intense. There is some evidence that natural variation in genetic makeup of the dopamine system may influence who gets addicted. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter activated by rewarding activities as a way of increasing the likelihood of engaging in such activities in the future.
Le craving et nouvelle clinique de l’addiction : une perspective simplifiée et opérationnelle
Subsequent inquiries are encouraged to employ longitudinal or experimental methodologies to rigorously examine this multi-mediation model. Second, only some college students in Conghua District, Guangzhou city, were included, and the quota sample was a nonprobability sample. Although nonprobability samples are acceptable for studies aimed at testing and developing theoretical models of multiple relationships (Basil et al., 2002), the findings cannot be generalized, and future work should use probability samples to increase the generalizability of the conclusions. Third, self-report questionnaires may lead to measurement bias due to social desirability. Moreover, respondents tend to underestimate their own situations and minimize their certain behavioral problems related to smartphone addiction (Wu-Ouyang and Chan, 2023); therefore, the data obtained often do not reflect the real situation (Brailovskaia and Margraf, 2021). Future research should apply the smart experience sampling method (Otto and Kruikemeier, 2023) to accurately measure the behavior and psychology of participants.
The recovery concepts have underpinned a long history of measuring treatment outcomes for mental health issues and substance use problems. The most common model is the clinical recovery model, which aims to minimise core symptoms, such as the problematic use of substances or mental health issues [6]. A personal and social approach understands the process of being in recovery as an ongoing, non-linear process. Essential is the person’s perceptions and descriptions of their current situation regarding wellbeing, belonging to a community, and a positive sense of identity, https://natural-cure.ru/v-klinike-budapeshta-kreativ-dental-clinic-v-kostnoj-plastike-budut-ispolzovat-transplantaty-iz-reber-paczienta/ including perceptions of a better life while living with core symptoms [44]. The person’s perceptions of the recovery process and their wellbeing constantly interplay with the relational, social, cultural and political surroundings as understood within a biopsychosocial approach [7, 9, 31, 41, 43]. Second, an object-relations perspective proposes that to understand addiction vulnerability, a focus on the relational and representational aspects of development is needed, wherein, over time, the mind develops in relation to others, primarily with early caregivers.
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