Psychology of addiction

Psychology of addiction

Substance use was influential in informants’ narratives but closely connected to other areas of life, such as mental health, close relationships, safe housing and meaningful daytime occupations. Also, the biological and psychological impacts of using substances, as well as individual reflections on either quitting all substances https://www.dd-database.org/digestive-tract/duodenal-ulcer.html or maintaining the use of alcohol or marihuana, were essential parts of the informants’ meaning-making. This suggests that professionals should not take for granted that a total absence of substances is ‘everybody’s aim and should not necessarily define periodic or sporadic substance use as failure [2, 6, 30, 39].

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Misuse of prescription drugs, for example, is highest among young adults aged 18 to 25, according to the National Institute of Drug Abuse. Further, psychological distress, especially depression and anxiety, has been shown to play an important role in such substance use. Family interactions, parenting style, and levels of supervision all play a role in development of coping skills and susceptibility to mental health problems. Studies have linked authoritarian or neglectful parenting, family violence, and divorce to increased likelihood of substance use problems later in life. Growing up with strong ties to and a sense of belonging—to a family, to a belief tradition, to a culture—are known to be protective against addiction. Synthesized, the notion of addiction as a disease of choice and addiction as a brain disease can be understood as two sides of the same coin.

• COVID-19 anxiety is different from loneliness in that it leads people to worry about future events, whereas loneliness is a state of emotional discomfort that is focused on the present.
• We interpreted the informants’ statements to mean that they did not see this as a defeat.
• Further research directly investigating specific aspects of attachment and how they may mitigate against the development of addictive disorders and perhaps promote recovery from these conditions is needed.
• Staff are present 24/7, and we have meals together and social contact with people in the same situation.
• For instance, cocaine and methamphetamine block dopamine reuptake, which leads to increased dopaminergic activity from the VTA to the NAcc (Niehaus, Murali, & Kauer, 2010).

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However, acceptance of concurrent theories in addiction aetiology must still precede a universally accepted experimental model. Appreciation of all theories of addiction aetiology and their coordination with each other is vital to improving our understanding of substance use disorder and translating this to effective treatment pathways. The lack of a practical, representative model for addiction studies is not only an obstacle to advancing this understanding, but likely a direct result of this lack of clarity. The use of http://www.bhmed-emanual.org/chapter_1_the_sandwich_design_of_teaching_and_learning/1_why_sandwich_principle IPSCs or ESCs to recapitulate the human brain in vitro could improve upon some of the current limitations of addiction modelling and may provide a platform for practical and reproducible addiction research through forming structurally, biologically, and genetically relevant in vitro environments. Combining this method with contemporary sequencing techniques permits thorough exploration of the latter, and through epigenetic approaches could reduce disparities between these models and behavioural theories of addiction.

2 Variance analysis of demographic factors on smartphone addiction

The factors that increase an individual’s risk for addiction are numerous, yet they all find their place in the biopsychosocial model of addiction (Marlatt & Baer, 1988). Taken together, this model provides a holistic conceptualization of addiction that acknowledges the complexity of the disorder and provides guidance toward a solution, which must necessarily be multifaceted and holistic as well. The more we know about the biopsychosocial model, the https://cok24.ru/ro/kak-bystro-protrezvet-v-domashnih-usloviyah-kak-otrezvet-za-chas-v.html more we can foster accurate empathy for those with addiction and work toward effective treatment and prevention efforts. These individuals may experience constant hyperarousal, hypervigilance, anxiety, and abuse drugs may be an effective way to regulate these emotional experiences (Felitti et al., 1998). Thus, numerous psychological factors and experiences can increase the risk of changing how one feels (or regulating emotions) via drugs of abuse.

• Stimulating drugs have a direct effect on dopaminergic neurotransmission from the VTA to the NAcc (Nestler, 2005; Volkow et al., 2011).
• Finally, the value in synthesizing neuroscience and psychodynamic perspectives to our understanding of addiction will be considered, particularly in relation to attachment bonds.
• SUD and recovery should be understood using the same coherent approach—as an interplay between biological and psychological factors and social, political and cultural contexts.
• One way this could be done would be by incorporating aspects ofstress, dysregulation, and dysfunction which would enhance the human relevance ofquestions rodent models could address.
• In lieu of tendencies to define addiction in degrees of abstinence, animal self-administration experiments inclusive of oral and intravenous drug-taking and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) have been predominant in vivo models (Gardner, 2000).
• However, a heritability of addiction of ~50% indicates that DNA sequence variation accounts for 50% of the risk for this condition.
• All the informants had received professional support or therapy after they left inpatient SUD treatment, including economic support, work training, housing, trauma therapy, detox or inpatient treatment.

Behavioral analysis of drug dependence

• In the nucleus accumbens, new subsets of dopamine receptors flourish at synapses to deliver the capacity to get excited by other goals and especially by connection to others.
• Therefore, exploring the antecedents and underlying mechanisms of smartphone addiction among college students in the post-pandemic period is particularly important for formulating prevention and intervention strategies for smartphone addiction among college students.
• As such, holistic treatment alternatives targeting these factors in both the child and the mother have been recommended (Neger & Prinz, 2015; Suchman, Mayes, Conti, Slade & Rounsaville, 2004).
• Prescription opioids used to treat pain and the illicit drug heroin can have a depressant effect on the respiratory system, slowing the delivery of oxygen to the brain.
• The pathways to addiction can be difficult to understand, because substance abuse, as a result of the intense burst of pleasure it brings, rapidly rewires the circuitry of the brain to become highly efficient at drug wanting and seeking.
• Although there is no “addiction gene” to definitively identify a person as being at risk for addiction, it is evident through twin studies, adoption studies, family studies, and more recently, epigenetic studies that addiction has a genetic component.
• Thus, an attachment-based perspective begins to illuminate mechanisms that may underscore intergenerational transmission of risk for addiction vulnerability.